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正當(dāng)程序框架下的算法行政:挑戰(zhàn)紓解與規(guī)制重構(gòu)
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
王潘
山東大學(xué)法學(xué)院
摘要: 算法自動化決策的融入為行政治理活動開辟了一種新興的權(quán)力運(yùn)作與治理模式,即“算法行政”范式。該范式標(biāo)志著大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代背景下,政府采納算法自動化決策手段,以實(shí)現(xiàn)高級別的自動化行政治理。算法行政帶來精準(zhǔn)、高效等優(yōu)勢的同時(shí),也因其自身的特性為正當(dāng)程序原則帶來了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與挑戰(zhàn)。算法行政所依賴的治理工具——算法自動化決策,因其自學(xué)性、黑箱性及極速性特征,在形式合法、民主過程等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)存在缺陷,易引發(fā)公眾對算法行政治理模式正當(dāng)性的質(zhì)疑。故而,將算法行政置于正當(dāng)程序的審視框架之中顯得尤為重要。為此,亟需構(gòu)建一套集事前預(yù)防、事中監(jiān)督及事后救濟(jì)于一體的程序性規(guī)制體系,以紓解算法行政活動面臨的挑戰(zhàn)并實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)制重構(gòu)。
中圖分類號:D922.1;D922.16;TP399文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.09.009
引用格式:王潘. 正當(dāng)程序框架下的算法行政:挑戰(zhàn)紓解與規(guī)制重構(gòu)[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2025,44(9):59-65.
Algorithmic administration in the framework of due process: challenge relief and regulatory reconstruction
Wang Pan
School of Law, Shandong University
Abstract: The incorporation of algorithmic automated decision-making opens up the governance paradigm of ‘a(chǎn)lgorithmic administration’ for administrative governance activities. This paradigm signifies the adoption of algorithmic automated decision-making by government agencies in the context of the big data era, in order to achieve a high level of automated administrative governance. While algorithmic administration brings advantages such as precision and efficiency, it also poses risks and challenges to the principle of due process due to its own characteristics. In view of the fact that algorithmic administration relies on the governance tool-algorithmic automated decision-making, due to its self-learning, black-box nature and the characteristics of extremely fast response, there are deficiencies in the form of lawfulness, democratic process and other key aspects, which is prone to raise public doubts about the legitimacy of the algorithmic administration governance model. Therefore, it is particularly important to place algorithmic administration under the framework of due process. In this regard, it is urgent to construct a set of procedural regulation system integrating prevention beforehand, supervision during the process and relief after the process, so as to alleviate the challenges of algorithmic administrative activities and reconstruct the regulation.
Key words : algorithmic administration; due process; algorithmic automated decision-making; administrative rule of law

引言

自21世紀(jì)初始,以算法為核心要素的人工智能技術(shù)已逐步融入社會的各領(lǐng)域。我國出臺的《法治政府建設(shè)實(shí)施綱要(2021—2025年)》明確了數(shù)字背景下法治政府框架的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。政府作為行政管理核心主體,應(yīng)明確新興技術(shù)在提升行政效率的同時(shí),也在推動人力行政向算法行政轉(zhuǎn)型[1]。

在行政模式轉(zhuǎn)型的背景下,魯弗魯瓦學(xué)者所闡述的“算法治理術(shù)”(Algorithmic Governmentality)這一理念,作為算法自動化決策深入滲透至行政領(lǐng)域的理論成果,已在學(xué)術(shù)界引發(fā)了廣泛討論與研究。我國行政法領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者更傾向于將其表述為“算法行政”,以此作為對該理念的一種本土化闡釋[2],旨在凸顯大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代政府運(yùn)用算法自動化決策手段實(shí)施行政治理的新范式。

盡管算法行政模式在政府行政管理的各方面已展現(xiàn)出其應(yīng)用成效,但其運(yùn)作工具——算法自動化決策也引發(fā)了諸多技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。針對算法行政的程序規(guī)制問題,學(xué)界已形成多維度研究框架:馬長山提出通過構(gòu)建正當(dāng)數(shù)字行政框架,以保障數(shù)字公民的參與權(quán)益[4];覃慧則注重保障行政相對人程序性權(quán)利以應(yīng)對算法決策對正當(dāng)程序的沖擊[5];王春業(yè)則提出革新傳統(tǒng)行政解釋路徑,以應(yīng)對算法行政中的決策解釋困境[6]。此外趙龍針對算法行政程序性難題,提出“四維度八要素”的程序規(guī)制框架[7]。

本文依托上述理論基礎(chǔ),著重探討如何有效應(yīng)對算法自動化決策作為工具的算法行政,其對傳統(tǒng)行政程序造成的挑戰(zhàn),并構(gòu)建涵蓋事前預(yù)防、事中監(jiān)控與事后評估的全方位規(guī)制框架。


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作者信息:

王潘

(山東大學(xué)法學(xué)院,山東青島266237)


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