數據競爭行為的類型化重構及其規(guī)制因應
網絡安全與數據治理
李佐
中南財經政法大學法學院
摘要： 面對數據市場的競爭失序，競爭法律欲實現辨證施治，需以數據競爭行為的類型化歸納為前提。傳統(tǒng)“不正當競爭與壟斷”的二分法既難以適應數據競爭行為的復雜性，也不足以回應數據治理的現實需要。基于數據生產流程，可將數據競爭行為劃分為獲取階段的競爭行為與使用階段的競爭行為兩類。前者包括獲取經營者數據、用戶數據及拒絕數據獲??；后者涵蓋數據排他性使用、數據驅動型自我優(yōu)待和大數據殺熟。據此，應確立包容審慎的規(guī)制理念，并在獲取階段強調數據流通，以包容促發(fā)展；在使用階段注重權益保護，以審慎防風險。
中圖分類號：D922.29文獻標識碼：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2025.12.010引用格式：李佐. 數據競爭行為的類型化重構及其規(guī)制因應［J］.網絡安全與數據治理，2025，44（12）：69-74,82.
The typological reconstruction of data competition behaviors and the regulatory responses
Li Zuo
School of Law, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
Abstract： Confronting the disorder in the data market, competition law must establish a typology of data competition behaviors as a prerequisite for implementing differentiated and targeted governance. The traditional dichotomy of "unfair competition and monopoly" is illsuited to the complexity of data competition behaviors and fails to meet the practical needs of data governance. Based on the data production process, data competition behaviors can be categorized into two stages: acquisition and use. The acquisition stage includes obtaining data from businesses, collecting user data, and refusing data access. The use stage encompasses exclusive data use, datadriven selfpreferencing, and algorithmic price discrimination. Accordingly, a regulatory philosophy of tolerance and prudence should be established: emphasizing data circulation during the acquisition stage to foster development through tolerance, and prioritizing rights protection during the use stage to mitigate risks through prudence.
Key words : data competition behavior; commercial data terms; AntiUnfair Competition Law; AntiMonopoly Law
引言
當前，我國數據要素市場競爭失序現象突出，主要表現為非法獲取和使用數據、拒絕數據開放、大數據殺熟、數據驅動型自我優(yōu)待等行為。在數據權屬尚未明確、專門立法缺失的背景下，相關爭議多訴諸競爭法解決。然而，傳統(tǒng)競爭法發(fā)源于工業(yè)社會，面對數據競爭的新形態(tài)已顯滯后，亟待更新規(guī)則。在此過程中，類型化梳理是構建有效規(guī)制體系的理論前提［1］。當前學界多聚焦于具體行為的個案分析，缺乏系統(tǒng)性歸類；立法實踐則仍沿用“不正當競爭—壟斷”的二分框架，難以適應數據行為的復雜性。為此，本文嘗試提出“獲取—使用”二分的數據競爭類型化方案，將獲取階段行為細分為獲取經營者數據、獲取用戶數據與拒絕數據獲?。皇褂秒A段行為則涵蓋數據排他性使用、自我優(yōu)待與大數據殺熟，并據此提出階段性、差異化的規(guī)制思路，以期為我國數據競爭規(guī)則的體系化構建提供參考。
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http://m.ihrv.cn/resource/share/2000006902
作者信息：
李佐
(中南財經政法大學法學院，湖北武漢430073)
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