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数据“三权分置”的法律表达
网络安全与数据治理 6期
曹新舒
(西南政法大学民商法学院,重庆401120)
摘要: 数据“三权分置”的法律表达过程中,确权主义与行为主义的对立与竞争应逐渐消退,二者主辅关系的认识也应逐渐扬弃。为确保重大改革于法有据,应基于《民法典》第187条建立确权主义与行为主义的位阶关系。在此位阶关系的认识下,“数据资源持有权”的解释应侧重范围限缩与客体特定,“数据加工使用权”的解释应侧重基于交换关系的场景限定,“数据产品经营权”的解释应侧重“向公法义务接轨”的功能限定。
中圖分類號(hào):D92.8
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
DOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2023.06.006
引用格式:曹新舒.數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”的法律表達(dá)[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2023,42(6):37-41,47.
Legal expression of "separation of three rights" in data
Cao Xinshu
(Civil and Commercial Law School, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China)
Abstract: In the process of legal expression of data "separation of three rights", the opposition and competition between property right paradigm and behavior regulation paradigm should gradually fade away, and the understanding of the main and auxiliary relationship between them should also be gradually discarded. In order to ensure that major reforms are wellfounded in law, we should establish the hierarchical relationship between property right paradigm and behavior regulation paradigm based on Article 187 of the Civil Code. Under the understanding of this hierarchical relationship, the interpretation of "the right to hold data resources" should focus on the limitation of scope and the specificity of objects, the interpretation of "the right to use data processing" should focus on the scene limitation based on the exchange relationship, and the interpretation of "the right to operate data products" should focus on the function limitation of "connecting with public law obligations".
Key words : data property right; separation of three rights; property right paradigm; behavior regulation paradigm

0     引言

2022年12月2日,《中共中央 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)制度更好發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)要素作用的意見》(下稱《意見》)首次提出“建立數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)加工使用權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)等分置的產(chǎn)權(quán)運(yùn)行機(jī)制”,可稱為數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”。其中,“數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)加工使用權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)”(下稱“數(shù)據(jù)三權(quán)”)的母項(xiàng)是“產(chǎn)權(quán)”,但“產(chǎn)權(quán)”是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)概念,無法直接向法律上的“權(quán)利”概念等價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)換。因此,數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”如何得到法律表達(dá)即成為難題。

對(duì)此,理論界存在兩種對(duì)立路徑:一是運(yùn)用民事權(quán)利理論分析“數(shù)據(jù)三權(quán)”內(nèi)涵與外延,徑行確認(rèn)新的法律權(quán)利,即“確權(quán)主義”;二是認(rèn)為確認(rèn)權(quán)利不利于實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”,應(yīng)調(diào)動(dòng)現(xiàn)行法中的義務(wù)性規(guī)范規(guī)制某些行為,即“行為主義”。對(duì)于確權(quán)主義與行為主義何者更利于實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”的法律表達(dá),理論界爭(zhēng)鳴不斷,遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)成共識(shí)。

有鑒于此,本文將對(duì)比分析確權(quán)主義與行為主義,探尋兩種理論對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能發(fā)揮關(guān)系,在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)“數(shù)據(jù)三權(quán)”展開法理闡釋與制度建構(gòu),以期助益數(shù)據(jù)“三權(quán)分置”的法律表達(dá)。



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作者信息:

曹新舒

(西南政法大學(xué)民商法學(xué)院,重慶401120)


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